52 CONTEXT 181 : SEPTEMBER 2024 who produced works of great power and expression, working in bronze as well as stone. In the inter-war period, architectural detail of all kinds was simplified and sculpture on buildings became less common, although major figures such as Jacob Epstein and Eric Gill produced important (and often controversial) works for buildings such as the London Underground Headquarters and Broadcasting House. Just as the book begins with the Great Exhibition of 1851, it closes with the 1951 Festival of Britain. But the story extends beyond 1951, and in an epilogue, Stewart instances William Mitchell’s textured panels of precast concrete and Alexander Stoddart’s neoclassical reliefs as continuing the tradition. We learn much about the training of sculptors and the varied nature of their collaborations with architects. Stewart also gives us a fair amount of purely architectural history, perhaps more than is strictly necessary, as much of it will be known to readers. He describes some buildings in excessive detail, and throughout the book there are passages of historical background which could also have been abbreviated: they are too general to relate directly to the very particular phenomenon of architectural sculpture. Nevertheless, this book is an enjoyable read for anyone who loves sculpture or architecture of the period. Julian Treuherz, art historian and curator Ubiquitous maltsters The Buildings of the Malting Industry Amber Patrick, Historic England/Liverpool University Press, 2023, 204 pages, black-and-white and colour illustrations, ISBN 978 1 837644 28 5, £55 Cereals have been subjected to the malting process since earliest times and malthouses and kilns sprung up across all counties in England. These have been traced and researched over decades by Amber Patrick, who compiled a major report for English Heritage (2004) and has now produced a definitive account of this once ubiquitous building type. At the height of the industry’s activity from the late 1800s and up to around 1960, maltings towered above their surroundings in town and country, either next to the breweries they supplied or in the proximity of the fields of barley that provided the principal raw material. The east of England predominated, due to its dryer climate, but other factors such as access to road, rail or rivers and coastal transport were of economic importance. The malting process also depends on supplies of heat, and the Trent valley and coal-rich counties such as Nottinghamshire feature prominently in the book, together with Burton, the legendary home of British brewing in which four major maltings are identified. Strangely, Hertfordshire has been left out of the index, as has Ipswich, the former home of R and W Paul, maltsters, and the large breweries nearby. Unpublished reports on individual sites are incorporated in the book, recording malthouses either demolished or retained in recent decades after becoming redundant. As the UK brewing industry underwent changes, many of its sites came under threat. Conversions to housing, storage or cultural uses are described, such as the famous Snape Maltings, Suffolk, where the extensive flat floor surfaces were adapted by Arup Associates and opened in 1967. Before the industry had grown up and produced buildings as gigantic as Bass’s Sleaford Maltings (1906), it operated on a smaller scale. Malting and brewing were initially conducted at home or in micro-breweries attached to the inns they supplied. For these early times we are reliant primarily on Gervase Markham, author of The English Housewife (1615), which is referenced several times by Patrick in her intriguing second chapter on the 1500-1600+ era. In his book, Markham writes a chapter on malt, another on oats and a third on brewing. Alongside this source is Patrick Grattan’s Oasts and Hop Kilns (2021, reviewed in Context 172), where hops are thoroughly analysed for their own contribution. Will anyone now write about water? This is the third main ingredient, and no brewery in town or country could get by without a supply of water, preferably of the right quality. Grattan and Patrick have given us two worthwhile volumes for the benefit of archaeologists, planners, architects and conservationists, and for other readers who might agree with Ogden Nash: ‘malt can do more than Milton will to justify the ways of God to man.’ In John Milton’s defence, he did write in praise of the ‘spicy, nut-brown ale’, for use on long winter nights, just as Markham calls beer ‘the very substance of all entertainment… by which the whole household is nourished and sustained.’ The two books thus place both malt and hops at the centre of social and economic history during vital phases of the nation’s development. The attractions of a good inn for travellers would include an efficient malthouse with brewery and cellar in-house, to provide its clients with the means of passing the evening pleasantly. Graham Tite, a member of the Brewery History Society
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