C O N T E X T 1 7 2 : J U N E 2 0 2 2 45 JAGJIT SINGH Moulds in historic buildings Meeting energy performance and building regulation requirements can have unintended consequences for traditionally constructed buildings and the health of their occupants. Historic buildings and structures allow the moisture to breathe in and out. New regulations and codes for traditional structures, including EPC (energy performance certificate) requirements in particular, emphasise sealing historic buildings. Sealing these structures risks problems associated with excessive damp and humidity. Mould problems in both modern and historic buildings are mainly the result of defects in buildings, and lack of ventilation and maintenance. Generally, historic buildings in England are not required to comply with current building regulations. However, substantial renovation or a change of use may cause an existing building to become subject to building regulations. The exact criteria are complex, and multiple parts of the building regulations may be involved, but the most relevant advice is contained in Approved Documents L1B and L2B, concerning conservation of fuel and power in existing dwellings and buildings other than dwellings respectively (see page 28). There are some well-defined exemptions from complying with energy-efficiency requirements, namely listed buildings (Grades I, II*, and II), buildings in conservation areas, and scheduled monuments. There are also some less well-defined classes of buildings where ‘special considerations’ apply. In historic buildings where measures are taken to improve energy efficiency, Approved Documents L1B and L2B provide guidance, as does Historic England’s Energy Efficiency and Historic Buildings. A possible adverse consequence of improving energy efficiency in historic buildings is that the building will become less tolerant of problems and defects, as natural ventilation is likely be reduced and humidity may increase. Unless renovations are well designed and well executed, they may lead to mould infestation and timber decay. The correct identification of the mould infestation and causation by an independent mycologist (mould specialist) is important, as not all infestations are equally toxic, pathogenic or destructive. Extensive mould growth, including Stachybotrys chartarum (black or toxic mould), has been implicated in illnesses associated with living in damp homes. Black mould, a very cellulolytic species, can grow on wallpaper and plaster board that is very wet.Toxic mould has become a major issue for the USA insurance industry since 2001. In European and Scandinavian countries it is now poised to rival the mid-1980s asbestos crisis. There are several million-dollar claims for toxic mould against developers, landlords, homeowners’ insurance policies, surveyors and architects. As the number and size of the claims and awards increases, the insurance companies are trying to stem their losses. There are now increasing numbers of legal claims relating to mould in the UK. This is mainly due to press and media coverage, and advertisements such as: ‘If you have respiratory problems, respiratory disease, a fungal infection or had your asthma worsened due to mould in your rented flat or house, you could be entitled to make a mould compensation claim for your illness.’ Extensive mould growth in two listed buildings (top and middle) and mould contamination to historic timbers (bottom)
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