40 C O N T E X T 1 3 4 : M A Y 2 0 1 4 traditional construction in timber, carpenters will often say that the engineers make false, often conservative assumptions. Certainly it is common for engineers to assume that a mortice-and-tenon joint has little or no strength when pulled apart (often termed ‘pull out’), and considerable strength and stiffness when closing. Carpenters who discover this simplifying assumption will point out that as joints shrink, the shoulder opens up, inferring that the assumption of full transfer of References Bulleit,W, Sandberg, B, Drewek, M and O’Bryant, T, ‘Behavior and modelling of woodpegged timber frames’, Journal of Structural Engineering, January 1999 Brungraber, R: ‘Traditional timber joinery: A modern approach’, PhD thesis, University of Stamford, 1985 Chang,W-S, Kitamori, A, Shanks, J and Komatsu, K (2009) ‘The structural behaviour of timber joints subjected to bi-axial bending’, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 38, doi: 10.10002/eqe.854 Daniels, C, ‘Design considerations for mortise and tenon connections’, master’s thesis, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University ofWyoming, April 1999 Johansen, K, ‘Theory of timber connections’, International Association of Bridge and Structural Engineering, 9, 1949 MacKay, R, ‘Timber frame tension joinery’, master’s thesis, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University ofWyoming, October 1997 Scholl, G, ‘Load duration and seasoning effects on mortise and tenon joints’, master’s thesis, Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, University ofWyoming, August 2000 Shanks, JD, 2005, Developing rational design guidelines for traditional joints in oak frame construction, PhD thesis, University of Bath The terminology of a traditional mortice-andtenon joint Tests on traditional Japanese joints to determine seismic performance of Kiyomizu Dera joints
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